Electroslag remelting (ESR) is an advanced secondary refining technique that has become central to the production of high-quality steel. In this process, a consumable electrode is melted through a ...

In 2017, worldwide crude steel production was up by 5.3 % year on year, reaching a total of 1691 million tonnes. 1 Much of this steel was produced using primary processes like electric arc furnaces ...

Will disrupt a $2.4 trillion-plus market and produce commodities accounting for more than 95% of all mined materials on Earth, reshaping global supply chains, unlocking material abundance, and ...